Development of wheat (Triticum spp.) is primary driven by TEMPERATURE, but is also affected by other factors such as vernalization and photoperiod. Crop growth and development are often described in terms of calendar days. However, determining the development in terms of thermal time or physiological time is more accurate because it is an accumulation of the caloric energy needed for the occurrence of phenological stages. The objectives of this study were: (i) to determine the BASE TEMPERATURE for key phenological stages of different winter wheat cultivars and (ii) to develop a phenological model using the BASE TEMPERATURE for predicting the duration in terms of thermal time for different phenological stages. Eight wheat cultivars were selected according to their vernalization period to determine the BASE TEMPERATURE for three critical developmental phases, i.e., planting to heading, heading to harvest and planting to harvest. For each cultivar, the BASE TEMPERATURE for each critical period was estimated as well as the duration of the three key phenological stages in terms of thermal time for three locations in Georgia from 1999 to 2010. The BASE TEMPERATUREs and the growing degrees varied widely depending both on the developmental stage and the cultivar. The estimated BASE TEMPERATUREs for the eight wheat cultivars ranged from 3.1 to 8.1oC, 10.6 to 18.4oC and 1.6 to 8.4oC, for planting to heading, heading to harvest maturity and planting to harvest maturity. Also, the duration in Growing Degree Days (GDD) was determined for each season and cultivar. When 0oC was used as the BASE TEMPERATURE, the GDD between cultivars varied from 1675-1844, 1017-1239 and 2827-2936oC from planting to heading, heading to harvest maturity and planting to harvest maturity, respectively. The results from this study provided specific BASE TEMPERATUREs for each developmental stage for each individual cultivar and, therefore, provided a more accurate estimation of GDD. The variation in BASE TEMPERATURE and GDD accumulation is probably a selective advantage for winter wheat. Clearly more work is required to estimate the BASE TEMPERATUREs and duration for others phenological stages and further evaluation is required for additional cultivars and a wider range of environments.

Esthetic is a natural necessity among all human beings, and the reconstruction of the natural features of prosthesis is considered an important aspect in dentistry. Reconstruction of the natural features in removable prosthesis by characterization of denture BASE is one of the most important factors. In this regard esthetic, in removable prostheses, is achieved through different techniques such as: tooth selection and arrangement, designing the denture BASE and acrylic BASE color. The final goal for all these effects is to achieve a natural appearance for denture. However, other factors such as treatment limitations, different personal needs and general health principles, should be taken into consideration. This article not only reviews the natural appearance of oral mucosa that is replaced by the denture BASE, but also discusses about the materials used in tinting acrylic denture BASE and their application techniques.

One of the today’s world issues is saving energy that is not renewable and the use of natural energy not only can make the living environment a comfortable atmosphere but it also greatly reduces the energy consumption. Determining the extent of thermal comfort and the perfect BASE and in other words, the perfect BASE TEMPERATURE to calculate the energy demand for cooling and heating can have a crucial role in energy saving, sustainable development and land use planning. In this paper, it was assumed that the BASE comfort TEMPERATURE for each area similar to other climatology phenomena are affected by climatology patterns and behaviors of that area by sticking to a global standard TEMPERATURE cannot justify regional and station conditions. The crucial point in this study is not only determining bioclimatic climatic comfort but also comfort TEMPERATURE threshold was modified. In other words, the methodology of this work is such that it does not only search to identify BASE TEMPERATURE outside the comfort zone, but in this zone BASE TEMPERATURE values have been modified according to the regional climate patterns. In this study, a TEMPERATURE was introduced as the BASE TEMPERATUREs that have played roles in interacting and being influenced by other climatic factors affecting thermal comfort. The main goal of this study is to review and modify the proper BASE TEMPERATURE for calculating heating and cooling energies. To determine the new TEMPERATURE thresholds for providing climate comfort conditions 3 thermal comfort indices of Biker, THI and a TEMPERATURE-physiological index entitled Predicted Mean Vote have been used. Each of these indicators is presented below. But it should be noted that all climatic data used in the study are daily data from 1960 to 2010 that include wind speed, daily TEMPERATURE, relative humidity and cloudiness. It must be noted that reconstruction of missing data was performed by linear regression and the results were confirmed after validation of reconstructed data. The monitoring data are being random and their homogeneity were investigated by using run-test and drawing histograms. Importantly, since Iran has different climatic diversity, 10 stations representing different climatic conditions were selected and analyzed. The method of this study to determine and review BASE TEMPERATURE that was BASEd on the principle that according to each of the heat and physiological-TEMPERATURE indices, after gaining the output of each of these models, days in comfort zones were determined. Then separately for each bioclimatic index, the TEMPERATUREs of days in comfort zone were selected. But despite that all these screened thermal TEMPERATUREs are in the comfort zone, the methodology was not BASEd on this principle that from the range of extracted thermal TEMPERATUREs, the minimum and maximum TEMPERATUREs are introduced as BASE TEMPERATURE for calculating HDD and CDD respectively. In the next step, for calibrating this TEMPERATURE range, percentile method was used. In the following, using various bioclimatic indicators, BASE TEMPERATURE values were modeled to calculate HDD and CDD. The main weakness of Biker index was in determining the band and the wide width of thermal comfort range that apart from the BASE TEMPERATURE values, it has shown a significant difference compared to the existing standards. About the THI index, although the range of comfort zone reduces comparing to CPI but the long distance of comfort range of Tehran and Babolsar from the existing standards have been identified as the weaknesses of this index. Considering PMV index, it is noteworthy that the range of thermal comfort had little sway compared to the CPI. And it had greater overlap with THI method. One of its strengths is modeling of Tehran`s BASE TEMPERATURE which is close to the existing standards. But the weaknesses of this modeling is in determining the BASE TEMPERATURE for calculating HDD specifically for 80P and Ahvaz, Babolsar, Rasht, Mashhad. As it was seen, any of the bioclimatic indicators had weaknesses and strengths in modeling of BASE TEMPERATURE. This study tried to eliminate these weaknesses by combining the results of all three indicators. The results of combined indices showed that not only the range of fluctuations and on the other hand the values of modeled BASE TEMPERATURE are consistent with traditional standards of 18 to 22 or 18 to 24, but also the derived values of this modeling have been able to apply the impact of weather condition of each area in this modeling and provide more realistic results.

One of the important issues in the production of concrete is environmental variability that affects the concrete and elements constructed from this material. Due to the importance of different characteristics of concrete in short- and long-term conditions, this article aims to investigate the influence of initial TEMPERATURE conditions of self-compacting concrete on its long-term characteristics and determine the initial optimal TEMPERATURE of concrete. For these purposes, several experiments under three TEMPERATURE conditions of 5, 20, and 40 degree-of-Celsius were conducted to evaluate the rheology and mechanical properties of fresh concrete in the range of 7 and 28 days. In these experiments, alternative mineral admixtures of cement such as micro-silica, fly ash, and zeolite were used to build the concrete specimens. Results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of the specimens increase with increasing initial TEMPERATURE in the short term, while such properties significantly decrease in the long term compared to the specimens constructed under lower initial TEMPERATURE. Moreover, the fluidity of self-compacting concrete increases with increasing initial TEMPERATURE.

In order to study the response of Isabgol ( Plantago ovata ), seed germination, to different TEMPERATUREs and determine the BASE TEMPERATURE of germination, an experiment was conducted. In this experiment the effects of six TEMPERATUREs as:4,5,7,10,15 and 20°C were studied on percentage of germination ,using a completely randomized design in four replications under controlled conditions of germinator. BASE TEMPERATURE of germination was determined using a linear regression equation between germination rate ( inverse of day’s numbers to 90 percent of germination), and TEMPERATURE. Results showed that the BASE TEMPERATURE of germination for Isabgol was 1.5°C and the optimum TEMPERATURE of germination was in the range of 4-10°C. Increasing TEMPERATURE from 10°C decreased the germination percentage.

In order to study the cardinal TEMPERATUREs of lambsquarter (Chenopodium album), purselane (Protulace oleracea), crab grass (Digitaria sanguinalis) and also predicting their emergence time within the fields an experiment was conducted in Weeds Research Labratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2005.The type of experiment was a completely randomized design with 9 treatment and three replications was used. Treatments consisted of 9 constant TEMPERATUREs (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45oC) with 50 percent relative humidity and constant light radiation for 14 days. The germinated seeds were counted everyday and the rate of germination percentage, cumulative germination and cardinal TEMPERATUREs were calculated. The cardinal TEMPERATUREs including BASE TEMPERATURE (Tb), optimum TEMPERATURE (To) and cieling TEMPERATURE (Tc) for lambsquarter was 4,29.5 and 43.3oC for purslane 11.8,35 and 49.3oC and for crab grass it were 14.16,25/6 and 41.3°C respectively.The results indicated that lambsquarter with lower Tb and To is able to germinate when it is cooler and thus it will be dominant early in the season, Gradually, when the weather is getting warmer, purselane and then crab grass will dominate and invade the fields. On the whole, due to differences in physiologic of aspects and rate of weed growth the germination peak differs within fields.

In this study, in order to study the BASE TEMPERATURE (minimum TEMPERATURE for plant growth) at the degree of growth day (GDD), which is one of the important parameters in calculating the degree of growth day, first, the data required for the 2009-2017 statistical period of wheat production at the station Sararood was taken from the station. Then, after sorting and separating growth different stages, using four methods of calculating the BASE TEMPERATURE (1-minimum standard deviation SDgdd day, 2-minimum standard deviation SDAY days, 3-regression coefficient per day CRday, 4-CV coefficient of variation) was the most suitable method for calculating the BASE TEMPERATURE of growth in different stages of planting to wheat harvesting. The results showed that the most suitable method is the minimum standard deviation in GDD, which The BASE TEMPERATURE was obtained from germination to full reach for different growth stages, 5/8, 0/38, 1/8, 2/6, 0/63, 2, 3/7, 9/7, 8/6, 11 degrees Celsius. By comparing different methods of calculating GDD, the most appropriate of method was the general method of calculating the degree of growth day due to the most of similarity to the station data. The degree of growth day in different stages was calculated BASEd on their BASE TEMPERATURE and the results showed that the calculation of the BASE TEMPERATURE at each stage of the growth of the wheat was very accurate for GDD calculation and a precise estimate of GDD was obtained.